Fruit and Connection Diseases
FRUIT AND CONNECTION DISEASES
Fruit diseases are organs caused by microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, viruses) or other factors that damage fruit trees or plants. Negatively affecting fruit trees can reduce their properties and impair fruit quality.
Fungal Diseases: Many of the most common fruit diseases are caused by fungi. For example, diseases such as powdery mildew, flowers, black spot are acquired by fungi. These diseases usually develop in humid weather conditions, under factors such as poor air circulation or plant damage.
Bacterial Diseases: Crawling can be seen in some fruit trees. These diseases occur as a result of infectious formation on the leaves, flowers or fruits of organisms. Bacterial cancer, blemishes, and fevers fall into this category.
Viral Diseases: Viruses can cause various infections in fruit trees. Viral tissues can be manifested by seeds such as wilt, leaf grains, bark cracks, fruit shape grains. Viral spread usually occurs by spreading or other biological vectors.
Vineyard Diseases: Vineyard diseases refer to diseases seen in vineyards. Common diseases in vineyards;
- Mildew: Mildew is a fungal disease seen in the spread and inflorescences of the vineyard. It manifests itself as a whitish consistency on the leaves and a powdery coating on the clusters. the disease is more common in humid weather conditions and in vineyards with insufficient circulation.
- Mold: Mold is a fungal pest that occurs on the vineyards and fruits. Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) and white mold (Penicillium spp.) are the most common. Mold animals can cause vineyard damage and fruit rot.
- Red Leaf Disease: Red leaf disease is a viral host that causes reddish lines and streaks at the vineyard outlet. Yield protection and cluster security in diseases can lead to a decrease.
- Blackmark; It is common in all regions where apple and pear cultivation is carried out in our country. The first infections begin in the spring when the leaves are very small. Secondary infections continue throughout the summer. Symptoms of black spot disease are seen on flowers, leaves, fruits, shoots and branches. Symptoms seen on shoots and branches are more prominent in pear black spot disease. The spots seen on the leaves are round, black velvety in appearance. The spots grow together with each other over time, sometimes completely covering the leaf surface and diseased leaves fall off.
- Olive Ring Spot Disease; The cause of the disease is the fungus Spilocaea oleagina. It is alive on the tree throughout the year. The use of excess nitrogen fertilizer and farm manure causes the disease to increase. This disease is seen in olive, wild olive and maple cut trees. The first signs of the disease are blackish-gray round spots on the upper surfaces of the leaves. Where these spots are located, the color becomes lighter, then a normal leaf-colored ring forms around it. Since the leaves cannot perform their functions fully, it causes less fruit set and early shedding of fruits.
- Blister Disease of Citrus; Phoma tracheiphila fungus, which is the causative agent of the disease, is a fungus that is transmitted to trees by air and grows in wood tissue. It spends the winter in the form of a pycnidium (sac with conidia) under the bark tissue. The hosts of the disease; lemon, orange, goldentop, tangerine, citrus. The main harm is seen in lemon varieties. The first symptoms of the disease are manifested as yellowing and wilting of leaves on the end branches, that is, on annual shoots. These leaves are shed so that the petiole remains on the branch. This appearance is the most typical symptom for the disease. The defoliated shoot first turns yellow and then turns brown and dries up.
- Leaf Delen (Freckle) Disease in Apricots; The causative agent of the disease is a fungus called Wilsonomyces carpophilus. The fungus usually spends the winter in the form of mycelium and conidia on buds and branches. Primary infections occur with conidia. Diseased buds and cankers are constant sources of infection. Illness; It manifests itself on leaves, fruits, buds and young branches of apricot trees. The spots on the leaves are first round, 1 mm in diameter, and have the appearance of oil stains.
- Root Rot in Fruit Trees; The causative agent of the disease is a capped fungus called Armillaria mellea. It forms its hats after the first rains of autumn. The fungus lives in both soil and wood tissue; It survives for a long time in dead trees and root pieces left in the soil. It grows well in moist places. It causes rot in the roots of forest and fruit trees and causes the death of trees. Shoot formation is reduced in the above-ground part of the trees that are affected by the disease. The leaves turn yellow and fall off. Shoots and branches begin to die and wither. Eventually the trees dry up completely.
Control of Fruit and Vineyard Diseases: Various control methods are used for the treatment and control of fruit and vineyard diseases.
Cultural safety such as cultivating healthy and resistant breeds, proper pruning and tree care, removal of preservatives, regular watering and fertilization can help.
Orchards can be susceptible to a variety of diseases. These diseases can adversely affect productivity and product quality in the viticulture industry. For example, diseases such as downy mildew, black spot disease, powdery mildew and root rot are common problems in fruit vineyards.
Traditional methods to combat these diseases often require the use of chemical drugs.
However, the new technologies we have developed with Orbiba Robotics offer the opportunity to fight diseases with more sustainable and natural methods.
Orbiba Robotics is being developed on robotic systems to provide a better quality and easier workforce in the fight against diseases in fruit vines. Thanks to the special sensing and imaging technologies of our robot, it can diagnose diseases at an early stage and make the right intervention. In this way, the spread of diseases is prevented and their harmful effects are minimized.
Detecting diseases automatically and sensitively, Orbiba Robotics provides accurate and targeted combat. This reduces unnecessary drug use and reduces costs.
CAO-Chief Agriculture Officer
BÜŞRA ÖZER
Resources
- https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/
- https://www.tarimkutuphanesi.com/
- Moreau, J., Thiéry, D., Troussard, J.P., Benrey, B., (2007). “Grape variety affects female but also male reproductive success in wild European grapevine moths” Ecological Entomology 32, 747–753.
- https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/
